{"id":2895,"date":"2022-03-13T13:22:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-13T07:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bpscexamprep.com\/judicial-review-explained\/"},"modified":"2025-02-06T12:52:25","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T07:22:25","slug":"judicial-review-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bpscexamprep.com\/hi\/judicial-review-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2895\" class=\"elementor elementor-2895\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ef5ec2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6ef5ec2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c516cf3 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"c516cf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;container&quot;:&quot;#main-post&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c516cf3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__c516cf3\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__c516cf3\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52000175 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"52000175\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331dcdea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"331dcdea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"main-post\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial; color: #ffcc00;\">Definition:<\/span><\/h4><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The term Judicial Review means the <b><i><span style=\"color: red;\">power of the superior courts<\/span><\/i><\/b> (i.e. Supreme Courts and High Courts in India) <b><i><span style=\"color: red;\">to review and potentially strike down a law made by the state as unconstitutional and void if the law violates one or more provisions of the Constitution to the extent of such violation<\/span><\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/p><div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/div><p><a name=\"more\"><\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The doctrine of judicial review, in its modern sense, has been originated in the United States of America. It was propounded in the famous case of <b><span style=\"color: red;\">Marbury V. Madison (1803) <\/span><\/b>by John Marshall, the then chief justice of the American Supreme Court. Chief Justice Marshall emphasized on the judicial duty to pursue the Constitution in case where a statute is in conflict with the federal Constitution. Marshall further explained that the phraseology of the United States Constitution confirms and strengthens the principle that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void. All courts and other departments are bound to act under the Constitution.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The Constitution of India, in this respect, is more a kin to the U.S. Constitution than the British. In Britain, the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy still holds goods. No court of law there can declare a parliamentary enactment invalid. On the contrary, every court is constrained to enforce every provision of the law of parliament.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Under both the U.S. and Indian Constitution the concept of judicial review is more implicit where it is traceable under the Writ jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Court U\/A 32 and 266 respectively. However, when it relates to Fundamental Rights the concept of judicial review is provided <b><i><span style=\"color: red;\">explicitly U\/A 13 (2)<\/span><\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"color: #ffa400; font-size: large;\">How courts apply Judicial review:<\/span><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Judicial review is concerned <b><i><span style=\"color: red;\">not with decision but with decision-making process<\/span><\/i><\/b>. In case of judicial review, the courts inquire how the decision was reached. The superior court scrutinises the whole decision-making process and checks whether the decision was made lawfully or not. If it finds the decision unlawful, it cannot make a fresh decision but sends the matter back to the decision making authority. However, the judiciary have to give detailed reasons explaining why the law is declared unconstitutional and void by referring to the relevant positions of the Constitution.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffa400; font-family: arial;\"><b>Courts apply judicial review according to the following principle:<\/b><\/span><\/h4><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">If two interpretations are possible to a law made by the state where the first interpretation makes the law inconformity with the constitution and the other interpretation leads the law in conflict with the constitution then the court shall give effect to first interpretation and validate the law. However, if the law is capable of only one interpretation which makes the law conflict with the constitution then the court has no choice but to declare the law unconstitutional and void.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Ordinarily, a court shall not apply judicial review on a law that has not brought into legal in-forcibility.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Ordinarily, a court shall not apply judicial review suo motto.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><br \/><ins style=\"display: block; text-align: center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-7211341026816126\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-slot=\"5177931521\"><\/ins><br \/><\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #ffa400; font-family: arial; font-size: large;\">Judicial Review in India:<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Judicial review in India originates from the textual provisions of the constitution. Though the phrase <b><i><span style=\"color: red;\">\u2018Judicial Review\u2019 has nowhere been used in the Constitution<\/span><\/i><\/b>, the provisions of this is vested U\/A <b><span style=\"color: red;\">13, 32, 131-136, 143, 226, 145, 246, and 372<\/span><\/b>.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The doctrine of judicial review is thus firmly rooted in India and has the explicit sanction of the constitution.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Article 13 lays down the procedure for Judicial review in India. Judicial review is not merely a power of the courts to set aside <\/span><b style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"color: red;\">legislative actions<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"> but also covers the power of judicial review of <\/span><b style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"color: red;\">executive or administrative actions<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">. Under our Constitution, judicial review can conveniently be classified under three heads:<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffa400; font-family: arial;\"><b>1) Judicial review of Constitutional amendments.<\/b><\/span><\/h6><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">This has been the subject-matter of consideration in various cases by the Supreme Court; of them worth mentioning are: Shankari Prasad case, Sajjan Singh case, Golak Nath case, Kesavananda Bharati case, Minerva Mills case, Sanjeev Coke case, and Indira Gandhi case.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The test of validity of Constitutional amendments is conforming to the basic features of the Constitution.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"color: #ffa400;\">2) Judicial review of legislation of Parliament, State Legislatures as well as subordinate legislation<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h6><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Judicial review in this category is in respect of legislative competence and violation of fundamental rights or any other Constitutional or legislative limitations.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">This can be done by using some basic principles of Constitutional Law i.e. doctrines of Pith and Substance, Colourable Legislation, Severability, Liberal Interpretation, Limitation of Stare Decisis, Unconstitutionality and Eclipse, and Waiver.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Few important judicial pronouncements are: Keshavananda Bharti v State of Kerala(1973); State of Rajasthan v Union of India (1994); M. Nagaraj v Union of India (2006); I. R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and other (2007).<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: xx-small;\">\u00a9https:\/\/bpscexamprep.com<\/span><\/span><\/p><h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"color: #ffa400;\">3) Judicial review of administrative action of the Union of India as well as the State Governments and authorities falling within the meaning of State.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h6><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Judicial review of administrative action in India has been developed in order to regulate every action of the administrative authorities. In the process of judicial review of an administrative decision, the writ court does not sit as an appellate court.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">It must be noted that judicial review is different from the right of appeal. The courts <b><span style=\"color: red;\"><i>do not act as an appellate authority <\/i><\/span><\/b>during judicial review.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The writ court does not replace its own decision against the decision of the administrative authorities. The court scrutinises the whole administrative action and sees how the whole action was reached. If the court finds an administrative action as arbitrary or irrational, the court sets aside the whole action and sends back the matter rot the administrative authority for re-examination.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">In the Delhi Development Authority v M\/s UEE Electricals Engg. Pvt Ltd. (2004), Supreme Court said courts can interfere with administrative actions only if it suffers from vice of <\/span><b style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"color: red;\">Illegality, Irrationality, or Procedural Impropriety<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Recently, in a suo motu case on the management of the second COVID wave, Supreme Court in COVID Vaccine Case said the central government\u2019s vaccination policy is \u201cprima facie arbitrary and irrational&#8221; in the way it seeks to introduce paid inoculation by states and private hospitals for 18-44-year-olds after keeping it free for those above 45.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"color: #ffa400;\">Difference between Judicial Review and Judicial control:<\/span><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Many a\u00a0 times Judicial review is often confused with Judicial control. The term judicial review has a restrictive connotation as compared to the term judicial control. Judicial review is \u2018supervisory\u2019, rather than \u2018corrective\u2019, in nature. Judicial review is denoted by the writ system whereas Judicial control is a broader concept and includes judicial review within itself. Judicial control comprises of all methods through which a person can seek relief against the administration through the medium of the courts, such as, appeal, writs, declaration, injunction, damages statutory remedies against the administration.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><span style=\"color: #ffa400;\">Importance of Judicial Review:<\/span><\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">It maintains the supremacy of the Constitution, Rule of Law, Separation of powers, Federal Balance, and Independence of Judiciary.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0It protects the Fundamental Rights of the citizens.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">It upholds the fundamental principle of law that every power must be exercised within the four corners of law and within the legal limits.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffa400; font-family: arial;\"><b>Limitations of Judicial Review:<\/b><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The scope of Judicial review is <b><i><span style=\"color: red;\">limited<\/span><\/i><\/b> in India.<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">In AK Roy v. Union of India (1982) the Supreme Court pointed out the need to exercise judicial review over the President\u2019s decision only when there were substantial grounds to challenge the decision, and not at \u201cevery casual and passing challenge\u201d.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">Article 31B provide restricted immunity to the laws placed under the Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Currently, 284 such laws are shielded from judicial review.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">U\/A\u00a0 212 of the constitution of India provides that the Courts cannot inquire proceedings of the Legislature on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">U\/A 110(3) of the constitution of India if any question arises whether a bill is a money bill or not, the decision of the speaker of Lok Sabha shall be final.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">The scope of Judicial review in preventive detention cases is very narrow.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"color: #ffa400;\">Way forward:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h6><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">In India, we have adopted the concept of Separation of Power so we cannot assume the power of Judicial Review in full extended form. The concept of Judicial Review is enshrined in the Basic Structure of the Constitution. It helps the courts to keep a check and balance upon the other two organs of government so that they don\u2019t misuse their power and work in accordance with the Constitution. In the absence of judicial review, the written constitution will be reduced to a collection of platitudes without any binding force.<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial;\"><b><span style=\"color: #ffa400;\">***<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents Definition: The term Judicial Review means the power of the superior courts (i.e. Supreme Courts and High Courts in India) to review and potentially strike down a law made by the state as unconstitutional and void if the law violates one or more provisions of the Constitution to the extent of such [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3651,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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